Resolution Limits Of Hyperhemispherical Silicon Lensintegrated Thz Cameras Employing Geometrical Multiframe Superresolution Imaging

• doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3063839
• title: Resolution Limits of Hyper-Hemispherical Silicon Lens-Integrated THz Cameras Employing Geometrical Multiframe Super-Resolution Imaging
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 2156-3446
• rank: 3462
• access_type: LOCKED
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: In this article, we present a comprehensive study to understand the image formation and associated resolution limitations of hyper-hemispherical high-resistivity floating-zone silicon (HRFZ-Si) lens-integrated terahertz (THz) cameras, and we extend this understanding into THz super-resolution imaging applications. Along these lines, design tradeoffs between fixed field-of-view and frequency-dependent angular resolution of such cameras are also discussed. The present study is based on investigations of a CMOS THz camera that is made of a 32 ×32-pixel focal plane array sensor and a 15-mm diameter objective hyper-hemispherical HRFZ-Si lens. Two experiments are performed at 0.652 THz. In the first experiment, THz geometrical multiframe super-resolution imaging is performed to demonstrate that such cameras can always reach the maximum achievable resolution in their entire operating bandwidth. In the other, a full radiation pattern scan is performed to measure aberrations of off-axis displaced pixels in order to give a comprehensive picture of the camera's resolution behavior across the full camera frame. The investigations and discussions are general in nature and should be applicable to any broadband THz camera.
• article_number: 9371408
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9371408
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9371408/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9371408/
• publication_title: IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 5503871
• is_number: 9420379
• publication_year: 2021
• publication_date: May 2021
• start_page: 277
• end_page: 286
• citing_paper_count: 6
• citing_patent_count: 0
• download_count: 1104
• insert_date: 20210305
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Cameras
    • Lenses
    • Image resolution
    • Imaging
    • Spatial resolution
    • Silicon
    • Antenna radiation patterns
  • author_terms:
    • Antenna radiation patterns
    • CMOS image sensors
    • camera
    • diffraction
    • high-resolution imaging
    • imaging
    • lenses
    • spatial resolution
    • terahertz (THz)
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • Limited Resolution
    • Geometric Image
    • Terahertz Camera
    • Image Formation
    • Radiation Pattern
    • Angular Resolution
    • Maximum Resolution
    • Camera Resolution
    • Achievable Resolution
    • Entire Bandwidth
    • Picture Of Behavior
    • Picture Of The Behaviour
    • Spatial Resolution
    • Objective Lens
    • Objective Lenses
    • Microscope Objective
    • Number Of Images
    • Collimator
    • Image Distortion
    • Lens Distortion
    • Radial Distortion
    • Image Deformation
    • Theoretical Limit
    • Low-resolution Images
    • Central Pixel
    • Adjacent Pixels
    • Lens Antenna
    • Dielectric Lens
    • Luneburg Lens
    • Camera Pixel
    • Crossover Frequency
    • Raster Scan
    • Camera Module
    • Pixel Pitch
    • Beam Divergence
    • Camera Lens
    • Camera Lenses
    • Frequency Of Interest
• authors:
  • Author Name: Robin Zatta
    Affiliation: Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086492810
    ID: 37086492810
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
  • Author Name: Ritesh Jain
    Affiliation: Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37084309400
    ID: 37084309400
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
  • Author Name: Janusz Grzyb
    Affiliation: Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37300155100
    ID: 37300155100
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
  • Author Name: Ullrich R. Pfeiffer
    Affiliation: Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37273508100
    ID: 37273508100
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • Institute for High-Frequency and Communication Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS
• resolution: 32×32 pixels
• dynamic_range: 53 dB
• pixel_size: 80×80 µm
• dark_current: 28 nW

Optical Data

• focal_length: 15 mm
• aperture: Standard lens (not specified)
• field_of_view: 46°
• distortion: Not specified

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: 30 fps
• signal_to_noise_ratio: 53 dB
• noise: Low noise levels due to frame averaging of 1024 frames

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: Used for THz imaging in applications like security, biomedical imaging, and quality assurance
• benefits: Real-time imaging, high resolution, and super-resolution capabilities

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: German Research Foundation (DFG), Ticwave GmbH

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: May 2021

Relevancy Score

• score: 9
• missing_fields:
  • fill factor
  • quantum efficiency
  • readout speed
  • temporal noise
  • fixed-pattern noise
  • analog-to-digital conversion techniques
  • microlenses
  • on-chip colour filters
  • global or rolling shutters
  • backside illumination

Processed JSON Filename

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