Pulsemodulation Imagingreview And Performance Analysis

• doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2010.2075929
• title: Pulse-Modulation Imaging—Review and Performance Analysis
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 1940-9990
• rank: 3336
• access_type: LOCKED
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: In time-domain or pulse-modulation (PM) imaging, the incident light intensity is not encoded in amounts of charge, voltage, or current as it is in conventional image sensors. Instead, the image data are represented by the timing of pulses or pulse edges. This method of visual information encoding optimizes the phototransduction individually for each pixel by abstaining from imposing a fixed integration time for the entire array. Exceptionally high dynamic range (DR) and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are immediate benefits of this approach. In particular, DR is no longer limited by the power-supply rails as in conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor active pixel sensors, thus providing relative immunity to the supply-voltage scaling of modern CMOS technologies. In addition, PM imaging naturally supports pixel-parallel analog-to-digital conversion, thereby enabling high temporal resolution/frame rates or an asynchronous event-based array readout. The applications of PM imaging in emerging areas, such as sensor network, wireless endoscopy, retinal prosthesis, polarization imaging, and energy harvesting are surveyed to demonstrate the effectiveness of PM imaging in low-power, high-performance machine vision, and biomedical applications of the future. The evolving design innovations made in PM imaging, such as high-speed arbitration circuits and ultra-compact processing elements, are expected to have even wider impacts in disciplines beyond CMOS image sensors. This paper thoroughly reviews and classifies all common PM image sensor architectures. Analytical models and a universal figure of merit - image quality and dynamic range to energy complexity factor are proposed to quantitatively assess different PM imagers across the entire spectrum of PM architectures.
• article_number: 5701724
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5701724
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5701724/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5701724/
• publication_title: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 4156126
• is_number: 5701718
• publication_year: 2011
• publication_date: Feb. 2011
• start_page: 64
• end_page: 82
• citing_paper_count: 56
• citing_patent_count: 14
• download_count: 3529
• insert_date: 20110124
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Pixel
    • Image sensors
    • Arrays
    • Pulse width modulation
    • Random access memory
    • Radiation detectors
  • author_terms:
    • Energy harvesting
    • image processing
    • PFM
    • pulse-modulation image sensor
    • pulsewidth modulation (PWM)
    • retinal prosthesis
    • sensor network
    • time-domain image sensor
    • video compression
    • wide-dynamic-range imaging
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • Image Quality
    • Dynamic Range
    • Integration Time
    • Arbitration
    • Conventional Imaging
    • Energy Harvesting
    • Figure Of Merit
    • Sensor Networks
    • Image Sensor
    • Camera Sensor
    • High Dynamic Range
    • Incident Light Intensity
    • Entire Array
    • Polarization Imaging
    • Sensor Pixel
    • Retinal Prosthesis
    • Visual Prostheses
    • Artificial Retina
    • Energy Consumption
    • Energy Expenditure
    • Pixel Size
    • Power Consumption
    • Pulse Width
    • Pulsewidth Modulation
    • Image Compression
    • Video Compression
    • Frame Rate
    • Pixel Array
    • Collision Probability
    • Hit Probability
    • Pixel Pitch
    • Sensor Array
    • Memory Array
    • Threshold Voltage
• authors:
  • Author Name: Denis Guangyin Chen
    Affiliation: Smart Sensory Integrated Systems (S2IS) Laboratory, Electronic and Computer Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/38254723000
    ID: 38254723000
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • Smart Sensory Integrated Systems (S2IS) Laboratory, Electronic and Computer Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
  • Author Name: Daniel Matolin
    Affiliation: Department Safety and Security, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37267061200
    ID: 37267061200
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department Safety and Security, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
  • Author Name: Amine Bermak
    Affiliation: Smart Sensory Integrated Systems (S2IS) Laboratory, Electronic and Computer Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37275353200
    ID: 37275353200
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • Smart Sensory Integrated Systems (S2IS) Laboratory, Electronic and Computer Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
  • Author Name: Christoph Posch
    Affiliation: Department Safety and Security, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37394392300
    ID: 37394392300
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department Safety and Security, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS
• resolution: varies by implementation
• dynamic_range: over 140 dB
• pixel_size: 17 to 50 µm
• dark_current: significant due to in-pixel transistor leakage, varies by design

Optical Data

• focal_length: varies by implementation
• aperture: varies by implementation
• field_of_view: varies by implementation
• distortion: varies by implementation

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: up to 10000 fps
• signal_to_noise_ratio: typically limited to 60–70 dB, can be improved with ADC techniques
• sensitivity: depends on design, can be high in optimized implementations
• shutter_speed: varies by design (global or rolling)
• power_consumption: can be low due to optimizations in PM image sensors
• noise: includes shot noise, kTC noise, fixed-pattern noise (FPN), extensive noise due to pixel leakage

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: improved sensitivity and reduced redundancy through event-based sensing
• benefits: high dynamic range, low power consumption, rapid readout speeds with pixel-level parallelism

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: not specified, mentions various research institutions and universities

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: Feb. 2011

Relevancy Score

• score: 10

Processed JSON Filename

request_ca26729f-4283-4a39-9f45-ca79e9b9e12d-pulsemodulation_imagingreview_and_performance_analysis.json