Opticsfree Chipscale Intraoperative Imaging Using Nirexcited Upconverting Nanoparticles

• doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2022.3165186
• title: Optics-Free Chip-Scale Intraoperative Imaging Using NIR-Excited Upconverting Nanoparticles
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 1940-9990
• rank: 3197
• access_type: LOCKED
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: We present an optics-free CMOS image sensor that incorporates a novel time-gated dual-photodiode pixel design to allow filter- and lens-less image acquisition of near-infrared-excited (NIR-excited) upconverting nanoparticles. Recent biomedical advances have highlighted the benefits of NIR excitation, but NIR interaction with silicon has remained a challenge, even with high-performance optical blocking filters. Using a secondary diode and a dual-photodiode design, this sensor is able to remove the 100s of mV of NIR background on pixels and bring it down to single-digit mV level, nearing its noise floor of 2.2 mV rms, not achievable with any optical filter. Non-linear effects of background cancellation using the diode pair has been mitigated using an initial one-time pixel-level curve fitting and calibration in a post-processing setting. This imager comprises a highly linear 11 fF metal-oxide-metal (MOM) capacitor and includes integrated angle-selective gratings to reject oblique light and enhance sharpness. Each pixel also includes two distinct correlated double sampling schemes, to remove low frequency flicker noise and systematic offset in the datapath. We demonstrate the performance of this imager using pulsed NIR-excited upconverting nanoparticles on standard United-States-Air-Force (USAF) resolution targets and achieve an SNR of 15 dB, while keeping NIR background below 6 mV. This 36-by-80-pixel array measures only 2.3 mm by 4.8 mm and can be thinned down to 25 µm, allowing it to become surgically compatible with intraoperative instruments and equipment, while remaining optics-free.
• article_number: 9750861
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9750861
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9750861/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9750861/
• publication_title: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 4156126
• is_number: 9778852
• publication_year: 2022
• publication_date: April 2022
• start_page: 312
• end_page: 323
• citing_paper_count: 1
• citing_patent_count: 0
• download_count: 414
• insert_date: 20220406
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Optical filters
    • Imaging
    • Optical imaging
    • Biomedical optical imaging
    • Photodiodes
    • Nonlinear optics
    • Stimulated emission
  • author_terms:
    • Cancer detection
    • capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA)
    • dual-photodiode
    • image sensor
    • near-infrared
    • time-gated imaging
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • Upconversion Nanoparticles
    • Silicon
    • Image Sensor
    • Camera Sensor
    • Optical Filter
    • Datapath
    • Data Path
    • Flicker Noise
    • Light-emitting Diodes
    • LED Light
    • Light Emission
    • LEDs
    • Optical Fiber
    • Fiber-optic
    • Optical Fibre
    • Integration Time
    • Background Levels
    • Linear Response
    • Excitation Light
    • Longer Wavelengths
    • Longer Wavelength
    • Metal Layer
    • Metallic Layer
    • Emission Signal
    • Normal Incidence
    • Optical Probe
    • Optical Investigations
    • Imaging Platform
    • Local Background
    • External Light Source
    • Color Filter
    • Colour Filter
    • Hundreds Of Microseconds
    • Time-resolved Imaging
    • Tissue Autofluorescence
    • NIR Light
    • Emission Components
    • Form Factor
    • Minimally Invasive Surgery
    • Minimally Invasive Procedures
    • Invasive Surgery
    • Tumor Bed
    • Tumour Bed
• authors:
  • Author Name: Hossein Najafiaghdam
    Affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086495366
    ID: 37086495366
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
  • Author Name: Cassio C.S. Pedroso
    Affiliation: Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37089386419
    ID: 37089386419
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
  • Author Name: Bruce E. Cohen
    Affiliation: Molecular Foundry and the Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085579099
    ID: 37085579099
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • Molecular Foundry and the Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
  • Author Name: Mekhail Anwar
    Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085394272
    ID: 37085394272
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS
• resolution: 36x80 pixels
• dynamic_range: 15 dB
• pixel_size: 55 µm x 55 µm
• dark_current: not specified

Optical Data

• focal_length: not specified
• aperture: not specified
• field_of_view: not specified
• distortion: not specified

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: 34 fps
• signal_to_noise_ratio: 15 dB
• shutter_speed: 5 ms
• noise: 2.2 mV rms

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: Real-time intraoperative visualization of targeted cells with pulsed NIR excitation and direct contact imaging.
• benefits: FIlter-less and lens-less time-resolved imaging, high sensitivity for detecting cancer cells.

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: National Institutes of Health, Director, Office of Science, Department of Energy

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: April 2022

Relevancy Score

• score: 10

Processed JSON Filename

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