Linearmode Gainmodulated Avalanche Photodiode Image Sensor For Timeofflight Optical Ranging

• doi: 10.1109/TED.2015.2465176
• title: Linear-Mode Gain-Modulated Avalanche Photodiode Image Sensor for Time-of-Flight Optical Ranging
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 1557-9646
• rank: 2884
• access_type: LOCKED
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: In this paper, a CMOS image sensor based on avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for time-of-flight optical ranging is presented. In-pixel phase-sensitive detection was obtained thanks to the modulation of APD avalanche gain. A pixel based on this principle with 30-μm pixel pitch and 25.7% fill factor was designed, and a 64 × 64 APD image sensor was fabricated in a 0.35-μm standard CMOS process. The maximum demodulation contrast measured on the array exceeds 85% at 25-MHz modulation frequency. High-frequency modulation was demonstrated on single test pixels, where a demodulation contrast as high as 80% was measured at 200-MHz modulation frequency. A 3-D camera working at a frame rate up to 200 frames/s was realized and characterized.
• article_number: 7219414
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7219414
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7219414/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7219414/
• publication_title: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 16
• is_number: 7365508
• publication_year: 2016
• publication_date: Jan. 2016
• start_page: 145
• end_page: 152
• citing_paper_count: 4
• citing_patent_count: 1
• download_count: 1240
• insert_date: 20150824
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Noise
    • Sensors
    • Image sensors
    • Demodulation
    • Cameras
    • Frequency modulation
  • author_terms:
    • 3-D imaging
    • avalanche photodiode (APD)
    • CMOS image sensor
    • time of flight (ToF).
    • 3-D imaging
    • avalanche photodiode (APD)
    • CMOS image sensor
    • time of flight (ToF)
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • Image Sensor
    • Camera Sensor
    • Ranging
    • Avalanche Photodiode
    • Modulation Frequency
    • Frame Rate
    • Depth Camera
    • RGB-D Camera
    • Depth Sensor
    • 3D Camera
    • Fill Factor
    • Pixel Pitch
    • Camerawork
    • Test Pixel
    • Phase Shift
    • Modulation Of Signaling
    • Low Voltage
    • Light Signal
    • Traffic Signal
    • Low Noise
    • Bias Voltage
    • Presence Of Defects
    • Presence Of Faults
    • Scene Images
    • Large Bandwidth
    • Noise Floor
    • Single-photon Avalanche Diode
    • Time-of-flight Sensors
    • Time Of Flight Camera
    • Dark Current
    • Square Wave Signal
    • Differential Amplifier
    • Applied Bias Voltage
    • Gain Modulation
    • Amplifier Input
    • Differential Pair
    • Output Pixel
• authors:
  • Author Name: Olga Shcherbakova
    Affiliation: Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/38180786900
    ID: 38180786900
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
  • Author Name: Lucio Pancheri
    Affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37282907500
    ID: 37282907500
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
  • Author Name: Nicola Massari
    Affiliation: Center for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37273438300
    ID: 37273438300
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • Center for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
  • Author Name: Gian-Franco Dalla Betta
    Affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37424346700
    ID: 37424346700
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
  • Author Name: David Stoppa
    Affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37268553400
    ID: 37268553400
    Order: 5
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
    • Center for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS
• resolution: 64x64 pixels
• dynamic_range: 50.5 dB
• pixel_size: 30 µm
• dark_current: 26 e-/s at M=15

Optical Data

• focal_length: Not specified
• aperture: Not specified
• field_of_view: Not specified
• distortion: Not specified

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: 200 fps
• power_consumption: 330 nW
• noise: 5 mV in dark

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: 3-D imaging applications including robotics and automotive
• benefits: Enhances object detection, real-time operation, and low latency in various applications

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: University of Trento, Fondazione Bruno Kessler

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: Jan. 2016

Relevancy Score

• score: 9
• missing_fields:
  • focal_length
  • aperture
  • field_of_view
  • distortion
  • signal_to_noise_ratio
  • sensitivity
  • shutter_speed

Processed JSON Filename

request_1c917d86-6292-40c6-aa09-f2781b23e9ec-linearmode_gainmodulated_avalanche_photodiode_image_sensor_for_timeofflight_optical_ranging.json