Harnessing Nfc To Generate Standard Optical Barcodes For Nfcmissing Smartphones

• doi: 10.1109/TMC.2024.3420410
• title: Harnessing NFC to Generate Standard Optical Barcodes for NFC-Missing Smartphones
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 2161-9875
• rank: 2574
• access_type: LOCKED
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: Mobile payments have grown significantly recently, driven by their contactless feature that minimizes COVID-19 transmission risks. While NFC offers more security and convenience than barcodes and benefits those with amblyopia, many smartphones lack NFC due to module shortages or security decisions. In this work, we present ${\sf MagCode}$MagCode, an innovative method connecting NFC readers with cameras, allowing users to enjoy NFC payment security using prevalent camera technology. At the heart of ${\sf MagCode}$MagCode is the harmless magnetic interference on the CMOS image sensor of a smartphone placed nearby the NFC reader, resulting in a group of barcode-like stripes appearing on the captured images. We take advantage of these stripes to encode the data and achieve simplex communication from an NFC reader to an NFC-denied or NFC-disabled smartphone. In particular, we developed a comprehensive suite of protocols spanning from the physical layer to the transport layer, and we rigorously tested our proof-of-concept prototype on 11 different smart devices. Our extensive evaluations showcase a maximum throughput of 2.58 kbps–surpassing magnetometer-based alternatives by a factor of 58–and demonstrate an average data exchange time of 1.3 seconds for mobile payment transactions between an NFC reader and a smartphone.
• article_number: 10577149
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577149
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10577149/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10577149/
• publication_title: IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 7755
• is_number: 10746253
• publication_year: 2024
• publication_date: Dec. 2024
• start_page: 12952
• end_page: 12968
• citing_paper_count: 1
• citing_patent_count: 0
• download_count: 239
• insert_date: 20240628
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Online banking
    • Magnetometers
    • Magnetic resonance imaging
    • Cameras
    • Throughput
    • Security
    • Smart devices
    • Smart phones
    • Vision defects
    • Standards
  • author_terms:
    • Near-field communication
    • mobile payment
    • electromagnetic interference
    • physical side channel
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • Image Sensor
    • Camera Sensor
    • Physical Layer
    • Network Throughput
    • Maximum Throughput
    • Channel Utilization
    • Amblyopia
    • Mobile Payment
    • Magnetic Interference
    • Magnetic Field
    • Decoding
    • Decryption
    • Mobile App
    • Mobile Application
    • Smartphone Application
    • Smartphone App
    • Frame Rate
    • Magnetometer
    • Magnetometry
    • Magnetic Sensor
    • Transmission Power
    • Electromagnetic Interference
    • Radio Frequency Interference
    • Bit Error Rate
    • Bit Error Ratio
    • QR Code
    • Quick Response Code
    • Channel Capacity
    • Side-channel
    • Side-channel Attacks
    • Reliable Channel
    • Polar Codes
    • Bitrate
    • Magnetic Signal
    • Channel Pairs
    • White Bars
    • Virtual Channel
    • Arbitrary Waveform Generator
    • Arbitrary Function Generator
    • Transaction Data
    • Camera Module
• authors:
  • Author Name: Donghui Dai
    Affiliation: Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37089917114
    ID: 37089917114
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  • Author Name: Zhenlin An
    Affiliation: Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086816574
    ID: 37086816574
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  • Author Name: Qingrui Pan
    Affiliation: Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37088991379
    ID: 37088991379
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  • Author Name: Lei Yang
    Affiliation: Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/38244270500
    ID: 38244270500
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS
• resolution: 4032x3024
• dynamic_range: not explicitly mentioned
• pixel_size: not explicitly mentioned
• dark_current: not explicitly mentioned

Optical Data

• focal_length: not explicitly mentioned
• aperture: not explicitly mentioned
• field_of_view: not explicitly mentioned
• distortion: not explicitly mentioned

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: 30 fps
• signal_to_noise_ratio: not explicitly mentioned
• sensitivity: not explicitly mentioned
• shutter_speed: not explicitly mentioned
• power_consumption: not explicitly mentioned
• noise: dark current degradation, noisy white spots under low light conditions.

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: Applications in smartphones, mobile payments, medical devices, automotive systems, and more.
• benefits: Offers advantages in image quality and efficient light capture through magnetic interference.

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, University Grants Committee in Hong Kong, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program.

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: Dec. 2024

Relevancy Score

• score: 9
• missing_fields:
  • fill factor
  • quantum efficiency
  • readout speed
  • temporal noise
  • fixed-pattern noise
  • analog-to-digital conversion techniques
  • microlenses
  • on-chip colour filters
  • global or rolling shutters
  • backside illumination

Processed JSON Filename

request_2472d9af-bd11-4900-8df7-f23bc4439ae7-harnessing_nfc_to_generate_standard_optical_barcodes_for_nfcmissing_smartphones.json