A High Dynamic Range 128 120 3D Stacked Cmos Spad Image Sensor Soc For Fluorescence Microendoscopy

• doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2022.3150721
• title: A High Dynamic Range 128 × 120 3-D Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 1558-173X
• rank: 738
• access_type: LOCKED
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: A miniaturized 1.4 mm $\times \,\, 1.4$ mm, $128\times120$ single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor with a five-wire interface is designed for time-resolved fluorescence microendoscopy. This is the first endoscopic chip-on-tip sensor capable of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The sensor provides a novel, compact means to extend the photon counting dynamic range (DR) by partitioning the required bit depth between in-pixel counters and off-pixel noiseless frame summation. The sensor is implemented in STMicroelectronics 40-/90-nm 3-D-stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS process with 8- $\mu \text{m}$ pixels and 45% fill factor. The sensor capabilities are demonstrated through FLIM examples, including ex vivo human lung tissue, obtained at video rate.
• article_number: 9723499
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9723499
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9723499/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9723499/
• publication_title: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 4
• is_number: 9781662
• publication_year: 2022
• publication_date: June 2022
• start_page: 1649
• end_page: 1660
• citing_paper_count: 28
• citing_patent_count: 0
• download_count: 2721
• insert_date: 20220301
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Single-photon avalanche diodes
    • Imaging
    • Endoscopes
    • Registers
    • Random access memory
    • Logic gates
    • Dynamic range
  • author_terms:
    • 3-D stacking
    • chip-on-tip
    • CMOS image sensor (CIS)
    • fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)
    • high dynamic range (HDR)
    • microendoscopy
    • single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)
    • system-on-chip (SoC)
    • time gating
    • time resolved
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • Dynamic Range
    • Image Sensor
    • Camera Sensor
    • High Dynamic Range
    • High-dynamic-range
    • Single-photon Avalanche Diode
    • Single Photon Avalanche Diode
    • Endoscopic
    • Fluorescence Lifetime
    • Photon Counting
    • Fill Factor
    • Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
    • FLIM
    • Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
    • Lifetime Imaging
    • CMOS Process
    • Video Rate
    • Video Evaluation
    • Frame Rate
    • Rhodamine B
    • Count Rate
    • Top-tier
    • Top Tier
    • Maximum Count
    • Even And Odd
    • Clock Cycles
    • High Dynamic Range Image
    • Timing Gates
    • Dark Count Rate
    • System Clock
    • Pixel Pitch
    • Pixel Array
    • Miniature Sensors
    • Bit-width
    • Bit-widths
    • Time-resolved Imaging
    • Clock Period
    • Clock Periods
• authors:
  • Author Name: Ahmet T. Erdogan
    Affiliation: School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37273558300
    ID: 37273558300
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Author Name: Tarek Al Abbas
    Affiliation: School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085752777
    ID: 37085752777
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    • Ouster U.K. Ltd., Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Author Name: Neil Finlayson
    Affiliation: School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086055060
    ID: 37086055060
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Author Name: Charlotte Hopkinson
    Affiliation: School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37089391188
    ID: 37089391188
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Author Name: Istvan Gyongy
    Affiliation: School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085649005
    ID: 37085649005
    Order: 5
    Author Affiliations:
    • School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Author Name: Oscar Almer
    Affiliation: School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37888290000
    ID: 37888290000
    Order: 6
    Author Affiliations:
    • School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Author Name: Neale A. W. Dutton
    Affiliation: Imaging Division, STMicroelectronics, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085348973
    ID: 37085348973
    Order: 7
    Author Affiliations:
    • Imaging Division, STMicroelectronics, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Author Name: Robert K. Henderson
    Affiliation: School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37294086900
    ID: 37294086900
    Order: 8
    Author Affiliations:
    • School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS
• resolution: 128×120
• dynamic_range: 72 dB (extended to 126 dB by summation)
• pixel_size: 8 µm
• dark_current: 15 cps (counts per second)

Optical Data

• focal_length: Not specified
• aperture: Not specified
• field_of_view: Not specified
• distortion: Not specified

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: 15 fps
• shutter_speed: 5 ms (total exposure time)
• power_consumption: 10 mW (VDD power consumption)

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: Enabled fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of ex vivo human lung tissue, contributing to diagnostics and cancer treatment planning.
• benefits: Time-resolved imaging capability, high dynamic range, and video-rate operation.

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: STMicroelectronics, NHS Lothian NRS BioResource

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: June 2022

Relevancy Score

• score: 10
• missing_fields:
  • focal_length
  • aperture
  • field_of_view
  • distortion
  • signal_to_noise_ratio
  • sensitivity
  • noise

Processed JSON Filename

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