A 1 400 Backsideilluminated Spad Sensor With 497 Ps Resolution 30 Pjsample Tdcs Fabricated In 3D Cmos Technology For Nearinfrared Optical Tomography

• doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2015.2467170
• title: A 1 × 400 Backside-Illuminated SPAD Sensor With 49.7 ps Resolution, 30 pJ/Sample TDCs Fabricated in 3D CMOS Technology for Near-Infrared Optical Tomography
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 1558-173X
• rank: 189
• access_type: LOCKED
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: A 1 × 400 array of backside-illuminated SPADs fabricated in 130 nm 3D IC CMOS technology is presented. Sensing is performed in the top tier substrate and time-to-digital conversion in the bottom tier. Clusters of eight pixels are connected to a winner-take-all circuit with collision detection capabilities to realise an efficient sharing of the time-to-digital converter (TDC). The sensor's 100 TDCs are based on a dual-frequency architecture enabling 30 pJ per conversion at a rate of 13.3 ms/s per TDC. The resolution (1 LSB) of the TDCs is 49.7 ps with a standard deviation of 0.8 ps across the entire array; the mean DNL is ±0.44 LSB and the mean INL is ±0.47. The chip was designed for use in near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) systems for brain imaging and diagnostics. Measurements performed on a silicon phantom proved its suitability for NIROT applications.
• article_number: 7254251
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7254251
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7254251/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7254251/
• publication_title: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 4
• is_number: 7279217
• publication_year: 2015
• publication_date: Oct. 2015
• start_page: 2406
• end_page: 2418
• citing_paper_count: 89
• citing_patent_count: 1
• download_count: 3426
• insert_date: 20150910
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Photonics
    • Substrates
    • Random access memory
    • CMOS integrated circuits
    • Arrays
    • Image sensors
    • Three-dimensional displays
  • author_terms:
    • Near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT)
    • near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
    • optical tomography (OT)
    • single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)
    • single-photon imaging
    • time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC)
    • time-of-flight imaging
    • time-resolved imaging
    • time-to-digital converter (TDC)
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • CMOS Technology
    • Single-photon Avalanche Diode
    • Time-to-digital Converter
    • Near‐infrared Optical Tomography
    • Suitability For Applications
    • Top-tier
    • Collision Detection
    • Impact Of Monitoring
    • Collision Checking
    • Power Consumption
    • Multiple Regions
    • Lookup Table
    • Image Sensor
    • Camera Sensor
    • Code Number
    • Binary Code
    • Fill Factor
    • Capacitive Coupling
    • AC-coupled
    • Electrostatic Coupling
    • Photon Detection
    • Stop Signal
    • Delay Values
    • Clock Cycles
    • Static Random Access Memory
    • Dark Count Rate
    • Start Signal
    • Memory Block
    • Clock Period
    • Reference Clock
    • NIR Range
    • Static Memory
    • Near-infrared Range
    • Data Loss
• authors:
  • Author Name: Juan Mata Pavia
    Affiliation: University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085687923
    ID: 37085687923
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    • Division of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
    • Klinik für Neonatologie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
    • Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Quantum Architecture Group (AQUA), Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Author Name: Mario Scandini
    Affiliation: TU Delft, Faculty Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft, The Netherlands
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085693817
    ID: 37085693817
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • TU Delft, Faculty Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft, The Netherlands
  • Author Name: Scott Lindner
    Affiliation: University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085724342
    ID: 37085724342
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    • Division of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
    • Klinik für Neonatologie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
    • Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Quantum Architecture Group (AQUA), Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Author Name: Martin Wolf
    Affiliation: University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37574439500
    ID: 37574439500
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    • Division of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
  • Author Name: Edoardo Charbon
    Affiliation: TU Delft, Faculty Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft, The Netherlands
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37271353200
    ID: 37271353200
    Order: 5
    Author Affiliations:
    • TU Delft, Faculty Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft, The Netherlands
    • Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Quantum Architecture Group (AQUA), Lausanne, Switzerland

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS
• resolution: 1 × 400
• dynamic_range: not specified
• pixel_size: 11 µm
• dark_current: measured DCR values are higher than in previous SPAD image sensors (exact value not specified)

Optical Data

• focal_length: not specified
• aperture: not specified
• field_of_view: not specified
• distortion: not specified

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: 13.3 Ms/s per TDC
• sensitivity: photodetection probability (PDP) above 12% from 650 to 800 nm
• power_consumption: 30 pJ/Sample
• noise: DCR values higher than previous SPAD image sensors

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: suitable for near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) applications
• benefits: enables digital imaging for medical devices and diagnostics, particularly brain imaging and oxygenation monitoring

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: KFSP Molecular Imaging, KFSP Tumor Oxygenation of the University of Zurich, National Competence Center for Biomedical Imaging

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: Oct. 2015

Relevancy Score

• score: 10
• missing_fields:
  • focal_length
  • aperture
  • field_of_view
  • distortion
  • dynamic_range
  • signal_to_noise_ratio
  • noise

Processed JSON Filename

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