3D Raman Imaging Using Timeresolving Cmos Spad Line Sensor And 2D Mapping

• doi: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3284953
• title: 3-D Raman Imaging Using Time-Resolving CMOS SPAD Line Sensor and 2-D Mapping
• publisher: IEEE
• isbn:
• issn: 1557-9662
• rank: 57
• access_type: CCBY - IEEE is not the copyright holder of this material. Please follow the instructions via https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ to obtain full-text articles and stipulations in the API documentation.
• content_type: Journals
• abstract: The capability of Raman imaging to produce 2-D and 3-D chemical presentations of samples has gained a lot of interest in different application fields. In this article, we present a 3-D chemical image reconstruction based on 2-D scanning of a sample utilizing a time-resolved Raman spectrometer based on a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) line sensor. The 2-D scanning data contain the lateral information (XY plane), whereas the time-of-arrival data of the Raman photons measured by the sensor carry the axial information (i.e., depth information, $Z$ -axis). The sensor is fabricated in 110-nm CMOS technology. It has 256-spectral channels, and each channel has its own 7-bit ON-chip time-to-digital converter (TDC) with an adjustable resolution from 25 to 65 ps. In addition to the 3-D chemical reconstruction of the scanned sample, we have shown the ability to retrieve depth profiling information of each scanned pixel, such as the boundaries and middle points of any selected layer over the depth range of the scanned object by means of a single measurement for each scanned pixel. In addition, we have discussed the system components and the postprocessing parameters that affect the depth profiling accuracy and the 3-D reconstruction operation the most. Results showed that the instrument response function (IRF) of the system and the time gate window width in a postprocessing phase are playing the most important role in determining the axial (depth) accuracy. We believe that our system will enable a whole new class of Raman applications that will allow simultaneous 3-D chemical geometric representation at the centimeter level during Raman operations.
• article_number: 10153618
• pdf_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10153618
• html_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10153618/
• abstract_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10153618/
• publication_title: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
• conference_location:
• conference_dates:
• publication_number: 19
• is_number: 10012124
• publication_year: 2023
• publication_date: 2023
• start_page: 1
• end_page: 10
• citing_paper_count: 5
• citing_patent_count: 0
• download_count: 796
• insert_date: 20230615
• index_terms:
  • ieee_terms:
    • Single-photon avalanche diodes
    • Photonics
    • Three-dimensional displays
    • Measurement by laser beam
    • Chemicals
    • Image reconstruction
    • Detectors
  • author_terms:
    • 3-D Raman imaging
    • complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)
    • depth analysis
    • depth-resolving Raman spectrometer
    • time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC)
  • dynamic_index_terms:
    • Raman Imaging
    • Single-photon Avalanche Diode
    • Raman Spectroscopy
    • Raman Spectra
    • 3D Reconstruction
    • Scan Data
    • Depth Range
    • Range Of Depths
    • Depth Information
    • Depth Profile
    • Middle Point
    • Scan Sampling
    • Scans For Each Sample
    • Chemical Imaging
    • Instrument Response Function
    • Time-to-digital Converter
    • Axial Depth
    • Solid Line
    • Horizontal Line
    • Function Of Time
    • Refractive Index
    • Refractive Indices
    • Polymethyl Methacrylate Layer
    • Layer Of Poly Methyl Methacrylate
    • Time Bins
    • Short Laser Pulses
    • Laser Pulse
    • Raman Response
    • Μm Area
    • Mm In Area
    • Raman Intensity
    • Gaussian Shape
    • Single Piece
    • Window Size
• authors:
  • Author Name: Belal Mostafa Amin
    Affiliation: Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37088757583
    ID: 37088757583
    Order: 1
    Author Affiliations:
    • Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  • Author Name: Jere Kekkonen
    Affiliation: Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086913588
    ID: 37086913588
    Order: 2
    Author Affiliations:
    • Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  • Author Name: Tuomo Talala
    Affiliation: Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086549181
    ID: 37086549181
    Order: 3
    Author Affiliations:
    • Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  • Author Name: Ilkka Nissinen
    Affiliation: Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
    Author URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37269813400
    ID: 37269813400
    Order: 4
    Author Affiliations:
    • Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Image Sensor

• sensor_type: CMOS SPAD (Single-Photon Avalanche Diode) line sensor
• resolution: 256-spectral channels
• dynamic_range: 7-bit
• pixel_size: 27.7 × 27.2 µm
• dark_current: Not specified in the paper.

Optical Data

• focal_length: Not specified in the paper.
• aperture: Not specified in the paper.
• field_of_view: Not specified in the paper.
• distortion: Not specified in the paper.

Performance Metrics

• frame_rate: 280 kHz pulse rate
• signal_to_noise_ratio: Not specified in the paper.
• sensitivity: Not specified in the paper.
• shutter_speed: Not specified in the paper.
• power_consumption: 150 mW (average power of the laser)
• noise: Not specified in the paper.

Applications & Benefits

• cell_imaging: Used in noninvasive chemical composition analysis through Raman imaging applications.
• benefits: Enabled simultaneous 3-D chemical geometric representation.

Supporting Organizations

• supported_by: Academy of Finland under Contract 323719.

Manuscript Details

• publication_date: 2023

Relevancy Score

• score: 9
• missing_fields:
  • fill_factor
  • quantum_efficiency
  • readout_speed
  • noise_sources
  • analog_to_digital_conversion_techniques
  • microlenses
  • on_chip_colour_filters
  • global_or_rolling_shutters
  • backside_illumination

Processed JSON Filename

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